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STORES & WAREHOUSE MANAGEMENT  

LEARNING OUTCOME 2

Receiving Process of Goods

In the receiving process of goods, "quantities verified against order" refers to the crucial step of confirming that the physical quantity of goods received from a supplier matches the quantity specified in the purchase order. This verification is essential for maintaining accurate inventory records, preventing financial discrepancies, and ensuring that the organization receives the correct number of materials or products it ordered.

Here is a detailed explanation of what this process entails:

  1. Verification Against the Purchase Order:
    • The receiving personnel begins by comparing the physical goods received with the corresponding purchase order (PO). This document outlines the agreed-upon quantities, specifications, and other details of the ordered items.
    • The PO serves as the primary reference point for the verification process, ensuring that the received goods align with the organization's requirements.
  2. Physical Count and Inspection:
    • The receiving team conducts a physical count of the received goods, carefully verifying the quantity of each item. This may involve counting individual units, boxes, pallets, or other packaging units.
    • During this process, they also perform a visual inspection of the goods to check for any visible damage, defects, or discrepancies in quality. This inspection is very important, because if damage is found, it can be reported immediately.
  3. Documentation and Recording:
    • The verified quantities are meticulously documented and recorded. This may involve updating inventory management systems, creating receiving reports, or signing delivery documents.
    • Accurate documentation is crucial for maintaining accurate inventory records and resolving any discrepancies that may arise.
    • If there are any differences between the quantity on the PO, and the quantity physically received, then that difference must be noted on all paperwork.
  4. Addressing Discrepancies:
    • If any discrepancies are found between the ordered and received quantities, the receiving team must take immediate action. This may involve:
      • Notifying the supplier of the discrepancy and seeking resolution.
      • Adjusting inventory records to reflect the actual quantity received.
      • Investigating the cause of the discrepancy to prevent future occurrences.
      • If there is a shortage, then a back order may be created.
      • If there is an overage, then a decision must be made whether to keep the extra stock or return it to the supplier.
    • Promptly addressing discrepancies is essential for maintaining accurate inventory control and preventing financial losses.
  5. Sign-Off and Confirmation:
    • Once the quantities have been verified and any discrepancies have been addressed, the receiving personnel sign off on the delivery documents, confirming that the goods have been received and verified.
    • This sign-off serves as proof of receipt and acceptance of the goods, establishing a clear record of the transaction.

Importance:

Verifying Product Specifications Against the Order

Verifying product specifications against the order during the receiving process is a critical quality control measure that ensures the received goods align with the precise requirements outlined in the purchase order. It goes beyond simply counting the items; it involves a meticulous examination of the product's characteristics, features, and performance to confirm they meet the agreed-upon standards.

Here is a detailed breakdown of this process:

  1. Understanding the Purchase Order Specifications:
    • The receiving personnel must thoroughly understand the product specifications outlined in the purchase order. This includes details such as:
      • Dimensions and weight.
      • Materials and composition.
      • Colour, finish, and appearance.
      • Performance characteristics (e.g., electrical ratings, operating temperatures).
      • Quality standards and certifications.
      • Any specific testing or inspection requirements.
  2. Physical Inspection and Testing:
    • The receiving team conducts a physical inspection of the received goods, comparing them to the specifications outlined in the purchase order. This may involve:
      • Measuring dimensions and weight.
      • Examining materials and composition.
      • Comparing colours and finishes.
      • Conducting visual inspections for defects or damage.
      • Performing functional tests to verify performance characteristics.
      • Using specialized testing equipment to verify quality standards.
    • The level of inspection and testing will vary depending on the nature of the product, the criticality of the specifications, and the organization's quality control procedures.
  3. Documentation and Recording:
    • The results of the inspection and testing are meticulously documented and recorded. This may involve:
      • Completing inspection checklists or reports.
      • Taking photographs or videos of the goods.
      • Recording measurements and test results.
      • Updating inventory management systems with quality data.
    • Accurate documentation is essential for maintaining quality control records, resolving any discrepancies, and providing evidence of compliance with specifications.
  4. Addressing Discrepancies and Non-Conformances:
    • If any discrepancies or non-conformances are found between the received goods and the specifications, the receiving team must take immediate action. This may involve:
      • Notifying the supplier of the discrepancy and seeking resolution.
      • Rejecting the non-conforming goods and arranging for return or replacement.
      • Segregating non-conforming goods to prevent them from entering the production or sales process.
      • Investigating the cause of the discrepancy to prevent future occurrences.
      • Requesting a Certificate of Analysis, or other relevant document from the supplier to prove conformity.
    • Promptly addressing discrepancies is essential for maintaining quality control and preventing defective products from reaching customers.
  5. Sign-Off and Confirmation:
    • Once the product specifications have been verified and any discrepancies have been addressed, the receiving personnel sign off on the delivery documents, confirming that the goods meet the required standards.
    • This sign-off serves as proof of inspection and acceptance of the goods, establishing a clear record of the transaction.

Importance:

Handling Defective Goods

  1. Immediate Segregation and Labelling:

    Upon the discovery of defective goods, the paramount action is immediate segregation. This is not merely a physical separation; it is a critical step in halting the potential spread of compromised products throughout the operational flow. By isolating defective items, a company effectively erects a barrier, preventing their inadvertent integration into production lines or their dispatch to unsuspecting customers. This segregation should be executed with meticulous precision, ensuring that the defective goods are moved to a designated area, clearly distinct from the standard inventory.

    The labelling process that follows is equally vital. Each defective item, or container holding such items, must be conspicuously marked with tags or labels that unequivocally indicate their non-conforming status. These labels should not only highlight the presence of defects but also provide a concise description of the nature of the flaw, the precise date and time of discovery, and the identity of the individual who detected the issue. This detailed labelling serves as an immediate, visual cue, alerting all personnel to the compromised nature of the goods and preventing any accidental mishandling.

    The segregated area itself should be secured, perhaps with restricted access or clear demarcation, to further prevent any confusion or unintentional mixing with acceptable inventory. This swift and decisive action is the cornerstone of effective defect management, setting the stage for subsequent analysis and resolution.

  2. Detailed Documentation and Reporting:
    • The meticulous documentation of defective goods is not simply an administrative task; it is the creation of a comprehensive audit trail that provides a clear and traceable history of the defect. This documentation must be thorough, encompassing every relevant detail that could shed light on the nature, extent, and origin of the problem. It should include the precise quantity of defective items, a detailed narrative describing the specific defect observed, and, where possible, photographic, or video evidence to visually capture the flaw.
    • The date and time of discovery, the purchase order number or lot number, the supplier's identity, and the name of the person who identified the defect are all essential pieces of information that must be meticulously recorded. This detailed record serves multiple purposes: it facilitates internal tracking and analysis, it provides crucial information for communicating with the supplier, and it forms the basis for informed decisions regarding the disposition of the defective goods.
    • Simultaneously, the reporting process is crucial for disseminating this information to the relevant departments within the organization. Quality control, purchasing, and management teams must be promptly informed of the defect, enabling them to initiate the necessary corrective actions and prevent future occurrences. This transparent reporting ensures that all stakeholders are aware of the issue and can contribute to its resolution.
  3. Supplier Notification and Communication:

    The immediate notification of the supplier regarding the defective goods is paramount in maintaining a transparent and collaborative relationship. This notification should be accompanied by all relevant documentation and information gathered during the initial inspection, providing the supplier with a clear understanding of the issue. Open and honest communication is essential for fostering trust and ensuring a swift resolution. The organization should engage in a dialogue with the supplier, exploring potential solutions and determining the most appropriate course of action. This may involve arranging for the return of the defective goods for replacement or credit, requesting a repair or rework of the items, or negotiating a price adjustment or discount to compensate for the defect. The goal is to establish a mutually agreeable resolution that minimizes disruption and maintains a positive working relationship. This collaborative approach not only addresses the immediate issue but also strengthens the partnership and reduces the likelihood of future defects.

  4. Quality Control Investigation and Root Cause Analysis:

    A comprehensive quality control investigation is essential for determining the root cause of the defect and preventing its recurrence. This investigation should delve deep into the manufacturing process, scrutinizing every stage from raw material selection to final product assembly. The materials used should be analysed for any deviations from specifications, and the quality control procedures should be thoroughly reviewed for any potential weaknesses.

    If necessary, tests and analyses should be performed to replicate the defect and identify its underlying cause. This meticulous analysis may involve both the receiving company and the supplying company, fostering a collaborative effort to uncover the truth. Identifying the root cause is not merely an academic exercise; it is a crucial step in implementing effective corrective actions. By understanding the origin of the defect, the organization can take steps to prevent similar issues from arising in the future, improving overall quality, and reducing costs.

  5. Disposition of Defective Goods:

    The determination of the appropriate disposition for defective goods requires a careful evaluation of various factors, including the cost of repair, the value of the goods, and the organization's policies. The decision may involve returning the goods to the supplier, repairing, or reworking them in-house, scrapping or disposing of them, or selling them as "seconds" or "damaged goods" at a discounted price. Each of these options has its own set of implications and should be carefully considered. Returning the goods to the supplier may be the most straightforward solution, but it can also be time-consuming and costly. Repairing or reworking the goods may be a viable option if the defect is minor and the cost of repair is reasonable. Scrapping or disposing of the goods may be necessary if they are beyond repair or if they pose a safety hazard. Selling them as "seconds" or "damaged goods" can help to recoup some of the losses, but it can also impact the organization's brand image. The disposition decision should be based on a thorough cost-benefit analysis and should be documented to ensure transparency and accountability. Any scrapping or disposal of the goods should be done in accordance with environmental regulations and company policy, minimizing any negative impact on the environment.

  6. Inventory and Financial Adjustments:

    The discovery and disposition of defective goods necessitate corresponding adjustments to both inventory and financial records. Inventory records must be updated to reflect the removal of the defective items, ensuring accurate stock levels, and preventing discrepancies. Financial adjustments may be required to account for the loss of value or the cost of replacement. If a credit is to be issued by the supplier, the financial records must be updated to reflect this credit, ensuring accurate accounting and reconciliation. These adjustments are not merely administrative formalities; they are essential for maintaining the integrity of the organization's financial and inventory management systems. Accurate records are crucial for informed decision-making, financial reporting, and audit compliance. Any discrepancies or errors in these records can lead to significant problems, impacting the organization's bottom line and its reputation. Therefore, meticulous attention to detail is paramount in ensuring that all adjustments are made accurately and promptly.

  7. Preventative Measures: Building a Culture of Continuous Improvement:
    • The identification and resolution of defective goods should not be viewed as isolated events but rather as opportunities for continuous improvement. The organization should implement preventative measures to reduce the likelihood of future defects, building a culture of quality and excellence. This may involve improving quality control procedures, strengthening supplier relationships, providing additional training to employees, and implementing more rigorous inspection processes. Continuous improvement is not a one-time effort; it is an ongoing process that requires commitment and dedication from all levels of the organization. By embracing a culture of continuous improvement, the organization can minimize losses, enhance customer satisfaction, and maintain a competitive edge. This commitment to quality is not only beneficial for the organization but also for its customers, suppliers, and employees.

Importance of a Signed Invoice

When a signed invoice or delivery note is availed, it signifies a crucial point in the transaction between a supplier and a customer, marking the formal acknowledgment of goods or services received. This signed document serves as tangible proof of delivery and acceptance, holding significant legal and financial implications.

Here is a comprehensive breakdown of its significance and implications:

  1. Proof of Delivery and Acceptance:
    • The primary function of a signed invoice or delivery note is to provide concrete evidence that the goods or services specified in the document were indeed delivered and accepted by the customer.
    • The customer's signature acts as a formal acknowledgment that they have received the items listed and that they are in satisfactory condition, unless otherwise noted on the document.
    • This signed document protects the supplier from claims of non-delivery or disputes regarding the quantity or condition of the goods.
  2. Legal Implications:
    • A signed invoice or delivery note can serve as a legally binding document in case of disputes or legal proceedings.
    • It establishes a clear record of the transaction, including the date of delivery, the items delivered, and the recipient's acknowledgment.
    • In many jurisdictions, a signed delivery note can be used as evidence in court to support claims for payment or to defend against claims of non-delivery.
    • It can be used to prove that a contract was fulfilled.
  3. Financial Implications:
    • For the supplier, a signed invoice or delivery note is essential for initiating the payment process. It serves as proof that the goods or services were delivered, justifying the issuance of an invoice and the expectation of payment.
    • For the customer, the signed document confirms their obligation to pay for the goods or services received.
    • It also serves as a crucial document for accounting and auditing purposes, ensuring accurate financial records.
    • Many companies will not process an invoice for payment, without an accompanying signed delivery note.
  4. Inventory Management:
    • The signed document can be used to update inventory records, confirming the receipt of goods, and ensuring accurate stock levels.
    • This is particularly important for businesses that rely on accurate inventory tracking to manage their supply chain.
    • It allows for the reconciliation of physical stock, and the recorded stock levels.
  5. Dispute Resolution:
    • In the event of a dispute regarding the quantity, quality, or condition of the goods, the signed invoice or delivery note can serve as a valuable reference point.
    • It provides a clear record of what was delivered and accepted, helping to resolve disagreements quickly and efficiently.
    • Any notes written on the document, at the time of signing, are also very important during dispute resolution.
  6. Customer Relationship Management:
    • The process of obtaining a signed invoice or delivery note can also serve as an opportunity to reinforce customer relationships.
    • A professional and courteous approach to obtaining the signature can leave a positive impression on the customer.
    • It also provides an opportunity to confirm customer satisfaction.

In summary, a signed invoice or delivery note is a critical document that plays a vital role in ensuring smooth and transparent transactions between suppliers and customers. It provides legal and financial protection, supports efficient inventory management, and facilitates dispute resolution.

Goods Received Voucher (GRV)

A Goods Received Voucher (GRV) is a crucial document in the receiving process of goods, serving as an internal record that confirms the receipt of items into a company's inventory. It is distinct from a signed invoice or delivery note, which primarily acts as proof of delivery and acceptance between a supplier and customer. The GRV, on the other hand, is an internal document that captures the details of the received goods for the organization's own record-keeping and inventory management.

Here is a breakdown of its significance and implications:

  1. Internal Record of Receipt:
    • The GRV acts as a formal, internal record that goods have been received into the warehouse or receiving area.
    • It documents the details of the received goods, including quantities, descriptions, and any relevant information.
    • This creates a clear audit trail of incoming goods, which is essential for accurate inventory management and financial control.
  2. Inventory Management:
    • The GRV serves as a basis for updating inventory records. It triggers the process of adding the received goods to the company's inventory system.
    • This ensures that inventory levels are accurate and up to date, preventing stockouts or overstocking.
    • It assists in tracking the movement of goods within the warehouse, from receiving to storage and beyond.
  3. Verification and Reconciliation:
    • The GRV is often used to verify the received goods against the purchase order and the supplier's delivery note.
    • This helps to identify any discrepancies in quantities, specifications, or quality.
    • It provides a mechanism for reconciling differences between what was ordered, what was delivered, and what was received.
  4. Financial Control:
    • The GRV plays a vital role in financial control by providing documentation to support the payment of supplier invoices.
    • It serves as evidence that the goods were received, justifying the payment of the invoice.
    • It helps to prevent fraudulent payments or payments for goods that were not received.
    • It contributes to accurate cost accounting by recording the value of received goods.
  5. Quality Control:
    • The GRV may include information about the condition of the received goods, such as any visible damage or defects.
    • This information can be used to initiate quality control inspections and to address any issues with the supplier.
    • It provides a record of quality-related issues, which can be used to evaluate supplier performance.
  6. Audit Trail and Compliance:
    • The GRV creates an audit trail that can be used to track the movement of goods and to verify compliance with internal policies and procedures.
    • This is particularly important for businesses that are subject to regulatory requirements or audits.
    • It provides documentation to support financial transactions and inventory records.
  7. Internal Communication:
    • The GRV serves as a communication tool between the receiving department and other departments, such as purchasing, accounting, and production.
    • It provides information about the received goods, which can be used to plan production schedules, manage inventory levels, and process invoices.

In essence, a Goods Received Voucher is a vital internal control document that ensures accurate inventory management, financial control, and quality assurance. It provides a comprehensive record of received goods, supporting efficient and effective warehouse operations.

Process Of Producing Updated bin Cards

  1. The Trigger: Identifying the Need for Updates Through Transactional Activity and Audits:

    The journey of a bin card, that humble yet vital record of inventory, is one of constant evolution, driven by the ebb and flow of goods within a warehouse. The most frequent catalyst for updating these cards is the sheer volume of transactional activity that occurs daily. Every time new items arrive from a supplier, or when finished goods are produced within the facility, these receipts must be meticulously recorded. This ensures that the bin card accurately reflects the increase in stock. Conversely, when items are issued for sales orders, production needs, or internal consumption, these movements must also be diligently noted, reflecting the corresponding decrease in inventory.

    Adjustments, those necessary corrections for errors or discrepancies discovered during physical counts, are equally important. These corrections ensure that the recorded stock levels align with the actual physical inventory, maintaining data integrity. Furthermore, the transfer of items between different bins or storage locations necessitates updates to the bin cards of both the originating and receiving bins, ensuring a clear and accurate record of all movements. Beyond these transactional updates, periodic physical counts, known as cycle counts or audits, play a crucial role. These counts serve as a validation mechanism, comparing the recorded stock levels with the actual physical inventory.

    Discrepancies found during these counts trigger immediate updates, ensuring that the bin cards remain a reliable reflection of the stock on hand. In essence, the trigger for updating bin cards arises from any activity that alters the quantity or location of inventory, ensuring that these records remain a dynamic and accurate reflection of the warehouse's contents.

  2. The Process: Meticulous Recording and Accurate Calculations for Data Integrity:

    The act of updating a bin card is not a mere scribbling of numbers; it is a meticulous process that demands accuracy and attention to detail. Each transaction, whether it is a receipt, issue, adjustment, or transfer, must be recorded with precision. The date of the transaction, the type of transaction, and the quantity involved are all essential pieces of information that must be clearly and legibly documented.

    The balance column, reflecting the current stock level in the bin, is updated after each transaction, requiring accurate calculations to ensure that the numbers are correct. This running balance provides a real-time snapshot of the inventory on hand, enabling warehouse personnel to make informed decisions. Furthermore, the reference number of the relevant document, such as a purchase order, sales order, or transfer slip, must be recorded, providing an audit trail that allows for easy tracking and verification. The initials or signature of the person who recorded the transaction are also essential, ensuring accountability and traceability.

    Entries must be neat and legible, made in permanent ink to prevent errors or tampering. If an error is made, it must be corrected by drawing a single line through the incorrect entry and writing the correct information above or beside it, strictly prohibiting erasing or overwriting. This meticulous approach to recording transactions ensures the integrity of the bin card data, providing a reliable foundation for inventory management.

  3. The Production of New Cards: Responding to Card Exhaustion, Relocation, and System Changes:

    The life of a bin card, like any physical document, is finite. When a card is filled with entries, reaching its capacity, a new card must be produced. This ensures that there is always sufficient space to record ongoing transactions. The new card is not simply a blank slate; it must be accurately populated with the current balance of inventory, ensuring continuity of data. Similarly, if inventory is relocated from one bin to another, a new bin card is created for the new location.

    This ensures that the card accurately reflects the current storage location of the items. In situations where an organization migrates to a new inventory management system, new bin cards may be produced to align with the new system's data structure and formats. This ensures compatibility between the physical records and the digital system. Moreover, if a bin card is damaged, lost, or becomes illegible due to wear and tear, a new card must be produced to replace it. This ensures that the records remain accurate and accessible.

    The production of new bin cards is not merely a matter of replacing old documents; it is about maintaining the integrity and accuracy of the inventory records, ensuring that they remain a reliable tool for warehouse management.

  4. Verification and Reconciliation: Ensuring Accuracy Through Regular Checks and Audits:

    The accuracy of bin cards is not simply a matter of recording transactions; it is also about verifying and reconciling the data on a regular basis. Regular checks, comparing the physical stock levels in the bin with the balance recorded on the bin card, are essential. These checks help to identify and correct any discrepancies that may have arisen due to errors or omissions. If an inventory management system is used, the bin card data must be regularly compared with the system data to ensure consistency between the physical records and the digital system.

    This synchronization helps to prevent errors and ensures that both systems are aligned. Moreover, maintaining audit trails by retaining old bin cards is crucial. These old cards provide a historical record of inventory transactions, allowing for easy tracking and verification. They also facilitate audits, providing evidence of compliance with inventory management policies and procedures.

    The process of verification and reconciliation is not merely a matter of checking numbers; it is about ensuring the reliability and accuracy of the inventory data, providing a foundation for informed decision-making and efficient warehouse operations.

  5. The Importance: Enabling Accurate Control, Efficiency, and Financial Integrity:

    The production of updated bin cards is not just an administrative task; it is a fundamental aspect of inventory management that has far-reaching implications for the entire organization. Accurate inventory control, preventing stockouts and overstocking, is enabled by reliable bin card data. This ensures that the right items are available at the right time, minimizing disruptions to production and sales.

    Moreover, regular updates and verifications minimize the risk of errors and discrepancies, contributing to improved efficiency and reduced costs. Accurate inventory data supports efficient warehouse operations, including picking, packing, and shipping, ensuring timely fulfilments of customer orders.

    Up-to-date bin cards contribute to accurate financial reporting, preventing losses due to inventory discrepancies and ensuring compliance with financial regulations. They also facilitate audits, providing a clear and traceable record of inventory transactions. Ultimately, updated bin cards provide real-time, at-the-bin-level information about the quantity of stock, empowering warehouse personnel to make informed decisions and maintain optimal inventory levels. In essence, the production of updated bin cards is a vital process that ensures the accuracy, reliability, and integrity of inventory data, supporting efficient and effective warehouse management.

Updating Stock Records

Updating stock records in line with procurement policies is a crucial practice for maintaining accurate inventory control, ensuring financial integrity, and optimizing supply chain efficiency. This process involves a systematic approach to recording and managing inventory transactions, adhering to established procurement guidelines and procedures.

  1. Understanding and Implementing Procurement Policies:
    • Policy Awareness: The first step is to ensure that all personnel involved in inventory management and procurement are thoroughly familiar with the organization's procurement policies. These policies typically outline procedures for:
      • Purchasing and receiving goods.
      • Inventory valuation and accounting.
      • Stock rotation and obsolescence management.
      • Disposal of surplus or damaged goods.
      • Authorization levels for inventory transactions.
    • Policy Adherence: All inventory transactions must be conducted in strict adherence to these policies. This ensures consistency, transparency, and accountability throughout the procurement and inventory management process.
  2. Accurate Recording of Inventory Transactions:
    • Real-Time Updates: Stock records should be updated in real-time or as close to real-time as possible. This minimizes the risk of discrepancies and ensures that inventory data is always current.
    • Transaction Documentation: Every inventory transaction must be accompanied by accurate and complete documentation, such as:
      • Purchase orders.
      • Delivery notes.
      • Goods received vouchers.
      • Stock issue slips.
      • Inventory adjustment forms.
    • Data Entry Accuracy: Data entry into inventory management systems must be accurate and consistent. This involves verifying quantities, item codes, and other relevant information.
  3. Integration of Procurement and Inventory Systems:
    • System Integration: Ideally, procurement and inventory management systems should be integrated to facilitate seamless data flow and eliminate manual data entry.
    • Automated Updates: Automated updates can be configured to trigger when procurement transactions occur, such as when a purchase order is placed or when goods are received.
    • Data Synchronization: Regular synchronization of data between systems is essential to ensure consistency and accuracy.
  4. Regular Reconciliation and Audits:
    • Cycle Counts: Regular cycle counts, which involve physically counting a subset of inventory items, should be conducted to verify the accuracy of stock records.
    • Periodic Audits: Periodic audits of inventory records should be performed to identify and correct any discrepancies or errors.
    • Variance Analysis: Variances between physical inventory and recorded inventory should be investigated and documented.
  5. Inventory Valuation and Accounting:
    • Valuation Methods: Inventory valuation methods, such as FIFO (first-in, first-out) or weighted average, should be consistently applied in accordance with accounting standards and procurement policies.
    • Cost Tracking: Accurate tracking of inventory costs is essential for financial reporting and cost control.
    • Obsolescence Provisions: Provisions for inventory obsolescence should be established and regularly reviewed to reflect the potential loss of value due to aging or technological changes.
  6. Stock Rotation and Obsolescence Management:
    • Stock Rotation: Stock rotation policies, such as FIFO, should be implemented to ensure that older inventory is used before newer inventory.
    • Obsolescence Monitoring: Regular monitoring of inventory for signs of obsolescence is essential to prevent losses.
    • Disposal Procedures: Procedures for the disposal of obsolete or damaged goods should be clearly defined and followed.
  7. Authorization and Security:
    • Authorization Levels: Authorization levels for inventory transactions should be established to prevent unauthorized access and manipulation of stock records.
    • Security Controls: Security controls should be implemented to protect inventory data from unauthorized access, modification, or deletion.
    • Audit Trails: Audit trails should be maintained to track all inventory transactions and identify any potential security breaches.

Inventory and Warehousing Quiz 2

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